It is reported that Bifidobacteria can have functional benefits by cross-feeding other members of gut microbiota specialized on production of butyrate, an essential short chain fatty acid for colon epithelial cells (66). and Tang et al. Iron fortification adversely affects the gut microbiome, increases pathogen abundance and induces intestinal inflammation in Kenyan infants. However, authors stated that the IVS probiotic preparation was more effective than the commercial probiotic in establishing residence in the human gut (51). A ketogenic diet (KD) consists of a diet very low in carbohydrates and high in fat. A diverse microbiome reduces the risk of some diseases, The gut microbiota has a symbiotic relationship with the host, playing a role in maintaining health and metabolic homeostasis through the production of many metabolites. However, all communities have local markets, which stock western prepared/preserved foods with long shelf life, decreasing reliance on traditional indigenous food sources. Ritz E, Hahn K, Ketteler M, Kuhlmann MK, Mann J. Phosphate additives in food--a health risk. The challenge in Africa is that, despite the implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended treatment protocol, there is still high mortality among children undergoing treatment. Graf D, Di Cagno R, Fk F, Flint HJ, Nyman M, Saarela M, et al. In conclusion, most of the studies reviewed demonstrate clear changes in microbe abundances and in the production of fermentation products, such as short chain fatty acids and phytochemicals following dietary change, but the significance of the microbiota changes to human health, with the possible exception of the stimulation of butyrogenic taxa by fiber rich foods, is generally implied and not measured. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, human crossover study, 23 adults consumed a daily dose of 1010 viable cells of B. longum AH1206 or maltodextrin placebo in random succession with 1 to 3 weeks washout between 2 week treatments and 4 weeks test of persistence. This practice would be closely aligned with holistic approaches to health care and traditional indigenous healing practices. Heres why. The microbiota is dependent on food residues for survival and metabolism. What is the gut microbiomeand how can it affect your health? Think of your gut microbiome as an intestinal garden, teeming with trillions of bacteria, viruses These results suggest that bacterial species can be established and sustained in the gut of certain individuals, given the opportunity and suitable environment. An official website of the United States government. We show that consumption of particular types of food produces predictable shifts in existing host bacterial genera. Overall, significant shifts in gut microbiota composition suggest changes induced by 30 days of FDP intake, but the effect on microbial metabolism, in particular with regard to human health, remains unclear. more plants . A second important study outcome was the assessment of dietary intake measured as mean frequency of consumption (number of times eaten per participant) of each food category per day. Linear growth faltering in infants is associated with Acidaminococcus sp. These traditional foods are similar to traditional foods consumed by indigenous peoples (Inupiat and Yupik) in northern circumpolar regions of Alaska. Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula, Stachyose-enriched -galacto-oligosaccharides regulate gut microbiota and relieve constipation in mice, Evaluation of clinical safety and beneficial effects of stachyose-enriched -galacto-oligosaccharides on gut microbiota and bowel function in humans, Polyphenols as cancer chemopreventive agents. Gordon and co-workers analyzed human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from breast milk of 6-month-postpartum mothers in two independent randomized controlled clinical trials of undernourishment in Malawi (29). No difference was found in alpha-diversity, but with regard to beta-diversity a distinct clustering of the walnut and control groups was observed. The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional communication pathway. Studies have shown that human gut microbiota diversity and richness are reduced when comparing high fat diets with more traditional diets of relatively higher proportions of carbohydrates (72,73). The following Asian studies break down the effects of food components and different diets on the gut microbiome and how they may influence health. Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Abstract. Research on the microbiome has expanded rapidly worldwide providing novel insights into both human and animal diseases and interventions designed to alleviate them (5,6). (82) investigated the effect of green tea liquid (GTL) consumption (400 ml per day for 2 weeks) on the gut and oral microbiome in 12 healthy volunteers. Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography, The diverse microbiome of the hunter-gatherer. Remarkably, undernutrition-associated phenotypes such as stunting (29) and diet-dependent enteropathy (32) could be transferred to gnotobiotic mouse models through transplantation of fecal samples or culture-purified bacteria obtained from sick infants. The meat and fat that is caught in the summer is buried in the ground over the autumn and winter months ready for consumption in the next year. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Gut microbiota, Aerotolerant odds ratio, gut redox potential, Sub-study of 2 randomized controlled single-blind parallel group trials, HMO composition, infant gut microbiota, growth, 8 monozygotic healthy twin pairs; 12 dizygotic twin pairs (6 twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor; and the other 6 discordant for marasmus), Longitudinal studies, follow-up of the Malawian discordant twin trial, Gut microbiota DNA viromes, nutritional outcomes, One monozygotic twin pair discordant for kwashiorkor, n=115, consuming home-fortified maize porridge with or without iron, 2 double-blind randomized controlled trials, Gut microbiome, gut inflammation, morbidity, n=94, 6 treatment groups placebo, probiotic and prebiotic combinations, Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, n=39 with biopsy-verified NAFLD, n=28 normal controls, Gut microbiota, glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, n=125; n=27 control, n=26 inulin, n=21 whey, n=22 inulin+whey, Single center, placebo-controlled, double blind study, n=38; n=20 oligofructose-enriched inulin, n=18 placebo maltodextrin, Gut microbiota, fecal fat, short chain fatty acids, n=15 Inuit participants; n=9 non-Inuit participants, Double-blind, placebo-controlled, human crossover study, n=50)9 male, 41 female); placebo or pea fiber, Gut microbiota, body composition, metabolic markers of obesity, n=81; 4 treatments, placebo, B.subtilis doses, Double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial, n=22; 11 lean and 11 overweight and obese, Rate SCFA absorption, gut microbiota, dietary intake, Part of large open prospective controlled study, n=96 intervention (walnuts) first; n=98 control first, Randomized, controlled, prospective, cross-over study, n=62 intervention (phosphorus & calcium); n=62 control first, Double-blind randomized controlled intervention trial, n=217; n=73 lower-fat, n=73 moderate-fat, n=71 higher-fat diets, Gut microbiota, fecal metabolomics, plasma proinflammatory factors, n=11 1975 Japanese diet, n=10 modern Japanese diet, n=43 type 2 diabetes; n=16 control diet or n=27 WTP diet, n=17 Prader-Willi syndrome; n=21 simple obesity intervention: diet of whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, prebiotics (WTP), Open-labeled and self-controlled clinical trial, Gut microbiota, urinary metabolites, fecal metabolites, inflammation analysis, 1.95 3.10 years (epilepsy), up to 3 years (healthy control), n=14 epilepsy, n=30 control before and after ketogenic diet, n=100; n=50 (Deshipu stachyose granules), n=50 (control), 54.23 8.56 (placebo), 55.06 7.49 (low dose), 53.18 8.89 (median dose), 51.24 9.10 (high dose), n=187; n=44 high dose, n=52 moderate dose, n=50 low dose Gegen Qinlin Decoction, n=41 placebo, Randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The gut-brain axis is a bi-directional communication pathway. gave small groups (n 68) healthy infants who were still being breast-fed various combinations of MNP with and without iron (5mg), and with and without antibiotics (amoxicillin 125 mg/day; ampicillin 125 mg/day + cloxacillin 125 mg/day; or trimethoprim 40 mg/ day + sulphamethoxazole 200mg/day). Science Explainer Your gut health can affect the rest of your body. The Nunavut group consumed substantially more eggs (mean frequency 0.91 vs. 0.18) than the Montreal group, while the Montreal group consumed more dairy products (mean frequency 1.9 vs. 0.88) and alcoholic beverages (mean frequency 0.96 vs. 0.22). While lifestyle changes through diet and exercise are encouraged to combat the metabolic syndrome, several researchers in Canada and the U.S. have focused on modulation of the gut microbiota as a viable strategy to manage weight and improve metabolic health. Shotgun sequencing identified 15 specific SCFA-producing strains (see above) that were promoted by dietary fiber which were also associated with better improvement in hemoglobin A1c levels and diminished indole and hydrogen sulfide producers. Heres why. Significantly higher levels of total short-chain fatty acids and acetate in feces were detected after 8 weeks on monosodium phosphate with calcium carbonate compared to monosodium phosphate without calcium carbonate. Heres why. DSG also could effectively improve the bowel function of patients suffering from constipation with a marked increase in defecation frequency from 1.78 times per week to 3.02 times per week (80). All fecal samples were analyzed by metagenomic shotgun-sequencing. However there is concern that their iron content may have adverse effects in children simultaneously treated with antibiotics. WebThe paleo diet can greatly influence your digestive system's health and the gut microbiome in both positive and negative ways. Consequently there is a desperate need for developing efficacious interventions to ameliorate SAM. Dominant and diet-responsive groups of bacteria within the human colonic microbiota. Probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics: The microbe garden in your gut. Three studies investigated the effects of prebiotics administered in different formulations on body composition, appetite control, metabolic markers, and gut microbiota in adults and children. Zhao L, Zhang F, Ding X, Wu G, Lam YY, Wang X, et al. This study demonstrates race/ethnicity and infant feeding practices play important roles in the development of the infant gut microbiome. Consuming yellow pea fiber reduces voluntary energy intake and body fat in overweight/obese adults in a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Zhang C, Bjrkman A, Cai K, Liu G, Wang C, Li Y, et al. However, the link to health-promoting, walnut-dependent metabolites remains speculative, since this study reported compositional differences and did not quantify actual microbial metabolites. Prevotella was associated with decreased morbidity, as had been observed in a previous Malawian children cohort study cited (38). Before OKeefe SJD, Li JV, Lahti L, Ou J, Carbonero F, Mohammed K, et al. Child development, growth and microbiota: follow-up of a randomized education trial in Uganda. Results demonstrated that the gut microbiome of infants is influenced by race/ethnicity, age, weight gain, and breastfeeding. WebHow Does a Ketogenic Diet Affect Your Gut Microbiome? in macronutrient composition can rapidly (within 2-4 days) change the composition and function of gut microbes. Gut microbiota, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c. The conclusions highlight the future needs and implications for scientists and clinicians in this fast-developing field of research, and the need for high-quality, large-scale controlled human dietary intervention studies. Study: Effects of Unconventional Work and Shift Work on the Human Gut Microbiota and the Potential of Probiotics to Restore Dysbiosis. Nutrition can impact the general well-being of people of every age, race, and ethnicity. Million M, Tidjani Alou M, Khelaifia S, Bachar D, Lagier J-C, Dione N, et al. Green tea liquid consumption alters the human intestinal and oral microbiome. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine, Short-chain fatty acids and human colonic function: roles of resistant starch and nonstarch polysaccharides, Diet, microorganisms and their metabolites, and colon cancer, Dietary fibre intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all cancers: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. This review will focus on the modulatory effects of diet. This 6-arm study did not demonstrate a synergic effect in the two products containing both pre- and probiotics. 1 Acute changes . Malnutrition results in adverse health outcomes such, stunting, immune dysfunction and cognitive impairments (15). Improvements in intestinal permeability were shown with both probiotic treatments and GOS. Dietary modulation of gut microbiota contributes to alleviation of both genetic and simple obesity in children. De Filippo C, Cavalieri D, Di Paola M, Ramazzotti M, Poullet JB, Massart S, et al. Bwakura-Dangarembizi M, Amadi B, Bourke CD, Robertson RC, Mwapenya B, Chandwe K, et al. Bokulich NA, Chung J, Battaglia T, Henderson N, Jay M, Li H, et al. Dietary changes and the GMB A major change in diet leads to a large alteration in the composition of the GMB within just a day. Yuan X, Long Y, Ji Z, Gao J, Fu T, Yan M, et al. A paired comparison revealed that abundance of 39 taxa increased and 24 taxa decreased after FDP intake. Thus, walnut intake may promote compositional shifts of the gut microbiota to potentially probiotic and SCFA-producing species that may account for health benefits associated with walnut consumption. From the study of Zhjao et al: 43 patients with T2DM were randomized for 84 days to a traditional Chinese high fiber diet. Among Inuit alone, 17% of the variability was due to diet. Its potential as a lead in studying the effects of host and environmental factors on the gut microbiota development and associated diseases, has been demonstrated (15, 32). In China, the nutritional transition from a traditional low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet to a diet relatively higher in fat and lower in carbohydrate has been associated with a dramatic increase in the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and colon cancer in the past 30 years (71). However, it needs to be noted that the authors did neither comment on compliance of study participants that switched from an omnivorous to a vegetarian diet nor provided details on how/if dietary intake was recorded, which are crucial parameters to evaluate the obtained results. WebThis review summarizes the key results of recently published studies on the effects of dietary change and nutritional intervention on the human microbiome from around the world, These studies were recently quoted by OKeefe in his viewpoint for Lancet GI (1) where he updated the evidence supporting Burkitts fiber hypothesis that the deficiency of fiber in the westernized diet can explain much of the morbidity and mortality associated with westernized diseases. Krumbeck JA, Maldonado-Gomez MX, Martnez I, Frese SA, Burkey TE, Rasineni K, et al. Thus, they form a vibrant living population that has a metabolic activity similar to the liver. A second group of 98 participants followed the dietary pattern in reverse order and fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. Prebiotics, non-digestible fermentable oligo- and polysaccharides that act as a food source for probiotics (living microbes) were used as possible means of modulating the gut microbiota to manage obesity and improve metabolic health. Subramanian S, Huq S, Yatsunenko T, Haque R, Mahfuz M, Alam MA, et al. Krumbeck JA, Rasmussen HE, Hutkins RW, Clarke J, Shawron K, Keshavarzian A, et al. The overall diversity and specific composition of our gut microbiota are affected by numerous dietary components, including total protein and proportions of protein from animal vs plant sources; total fat and proportion of saturated vs unsaturated fat; fiber; resistant starch; polyphenols; and sugar. Cluster XIVa species compared to control diet. Notably, industrialized nations bear witness to an obesity epidemic, setting the stage for vast increases of serious chronic illnesses, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease leading to liver failure and metabolic syndrome, which predisposes individuals to diabetes and its multiple micro- and macro-vascular complications. Examining both groups together, 11% of the variability over the course of 12 months was explained by diet. Diet is a key modifiable factor influencing the composition of the gut microbiota, indicating the potential for therapeutic dietary strategies to manipulate Getty Images. Publisher's Disclaimer: This Author Accepted Manuscript is a PDF file of an unedited peer-reviewed manuscript that has been accepted for publication but has not been copyedited or corrected. found that low (48 grams), moderate (144 grams), and high doses (240 grams) of GQD induced structural changes of the gut microbiota composition and enriched the amounts of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp., high butyrate producers, in a dose dependent manner (78). Owing to retention of fiber intake in the urban population, the levels of butyrate and butyrogenic bacteria were similar between rural and urban participants, yet the levels of bile acids, indicative of high-fat diet were higher among urban participants. Increased gut redox and depletion of anaerobic and methanogenic prokaryotes in severe acute malnutrition. The research team suspects that modern diets rich in salty, sugary, or fatty processed foods may damage the aging gut, while higher fiber nutritious foods like fruits, vegetables, seeds, beans, and nuts could be combined with exercise to help protect a healthy gut microbiome balance as we age. The Hadza gut microbiome was enriched with genes with the functional capacity to fermenting carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and synthesize SCFAs from amino acids, while the urban Italian gut microbiome showed functional potential in xenobiotics metabolism (43,44). After 3 months of lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet, the abundance of Alistipes was reduced, coinciding with increased abundance of Roseburia inunilivorans, Ruminococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Streptococcus thermophiles in the fecal microbiota. Their intimate association with the intestinal mucosa, which is also highly biologically active with a high cellular turnover rate, can be expected to have a major impact on human health and the prevention or precipitation of disease. The long-term persistence of AH1206 was dependent on individualized features of the resident gut microbiota. A criticism of the study in children is the distribution of race of the participants was 82% Caucasian and 18% African American and Hispanic. Among the mothers lacking the FUT2 gene, i.e. In 2017, Stearns et al. Weight management, obesity, and metabolic disorders are also a concern in Asian populations as diet and life styles change. Importantly, the Nunavut group diet consisted largely of game meats raw, cooked, and fermented. In 30% of participants, the strain remained detectable in feces for at least 6 months without causing gastrointestinal symptoms or impacting the resident gut microbiota. Effects of dietary fat on gut microbiota and faecal metabolites, and their relationship with cardiometabolic risk factors: a 6-month randomised controlled-feeding trial. To investigate the role of sialylated milk HMOs in infant growth, the researchers used bacteria from fecal microbiota of a stunted infant donor to colonize germ-free mice and piglets feeding on prototypic Malawian diet (control) selectively supplemented with sialylated bovine milk oligosaccharides (S-BMOs) or inulin. These oligosaccharides are beneficial substrates to the gut microbiota contributing to enhanced gut bacteria function, protection from pathogen infection and improved immune response. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Elders and other community residents report less reliance on subsistence lifestyle with the advent of big box stores (e.g., Costco, Walmart, Sams Club) in more urbanized areas, increased mechanization and commercial air transport, internet orders through companies that provide free or substantially reduced shipping fees, and the availability of westernized prepared foods in the local community stores. performed a comparison between 14 infants with epilepsy and 30 healthy control infants before and after KD treatment to explore if the gut microbiota of infants with refractory epilepsy differed with that of age-matched healthy infants (83). The site is secure. Functional characterization of IgA-targeted bacterial taxa from undernourished Malawian children that produce diet-dependent enteropathy. Another herbal formulation, the prebiotic Deshipu stachyose granules (DSG), a mixture of -galacto-oligosaccharides derived from the dietary roots of Lycopus lucidus Turcz, was reported to facilitate intestinal peristalsis and defecation relieving constipation in mice (79). The changes in relative abundance of Blautia was negatively associated with the changes in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas the change in Bacteroides abundance was positively correlated with the changes in these blood lipid markers. The foods traditionally fermented include walrus and whale meat, fish, seal, and caribou. Davis JCC, Lewis ZT, Krishnan S, Bernstein RM, Moore SE, Prentice AM, et al. Falk PG, Hooper LV, Midtvedt T, Gordon JI. Remove: Eliminate any and all substances that may contribute to an unbalanced microbiome.This includes all processed foods, added sugar, hormones, Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, de Onis M, et al. The .gov means its official. The evidence for a balanced diet and balanced microbiota being able to prevent westernized diseases and extend good quality lifespan is, however, compelling2. In an attempt to produce a probiotic with long-term sustainability, Maldonado-Gmez et al. The WTP group also showed greater reduction in body weight and better blood lipid profiles than the control group. The Inuit gut microbiome is dynamic over time and shaped by traditional foods. The collective genomes of these micro-organisms that inhabit the gut refer to the metagenome. Fecal metabolome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers: a host-microbiome integrative view. At the phylum level, the moderate and higher fat diets decreased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes after intervention. The American section discusses the role of the microbiome in the swelling population of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and examines the effects of race, ethnicity, geography and climate on microbial diversity and metabolism. However, the walnut diet explained only about 5% of observed difference compared to the control diet. This highlights the concern about conclusions that dysbiotic signatures may play a causative role in westernized diseases (75). There was no significant additive effect in weight loss or appetite regulation when ITF and whey protein were administered in combination. Dysbiosis has an effect on mental health, including a persons level of anxiety. "Gut microbes make chemicals that affect your brain," he says. In general, studies on undernutrition (summarized in Table 1) investigate impairments of the developing gut microbiome associated with malnutrition and its treatment sequelae while research on westernized diseases aims at finding how the changes in diet and lifestyle affect the gut microbiome and contribute to the increasing risk of these diseases in communities where the incidences were historically low. Circumstances in Nunavut resemble those of other indigenous communities in the circumpolar north. What is the gut microbiomeand how can it affect your health? 3 Dietary fiber and prebiotic . Antibiotic use is remarkably common in impoverished communities in Kenya, with an average of 4.9 antibiotic courses per child year. In a previous comparative diet switch study of rural Africans to a high-fat, low-fiber diet, and African Americans to a high-fiber, low-fat diet, reciprocal changes in microbiota, its metabolic activity and mucosal biomarkers of CRC risk were observed within two weeks (42). Articles resulting from these searches, as well as relevant references cited in those articles, were reviewed. Of the 25 bacterial strains, only Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis responded transcriptionally to S-BMO supplementation in vivo, however, interaction with all the community members was necessary to mediate growth promotion. Lambert JE, Parnell JA, Tunnicliffe JM, Han J, Sturzenegger T, Reimer RA. New research finds Western diets can affect the gut microbiome. LAB are responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates to lactate and acetate (57,59). Cronobacter predominated in the epileptic infants group and remained at a low level both in the healthy infants and in the epileptic infants after the KD. explored the effects of race/ethnicity separate from geographical region on the gut microbiota in early life (58). Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Control groups consisted of healthy volunteers staying on their omnivorous diet or vegetarian diet, respectively. In rural Tanzania, more than 50% of infants receive antibiotics by the age of 6 months, chiefly for diarrheal and respiratory diseases. A group of 15 SCFA producing strains that were selectively promoted by the WTP diet were detected (76). Turroni S, Fiori J, Rampelli S, Schnorr SL, Consolandi C, Barone M, et al.
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