Anions (NO2, NO3, F, Cl, PO43, SO42) were measured by ion-chromatography, using a 761 IC compact ion chromatograph (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland), equipped with a Metrosep 5100/4 column and a Metrosep A Supp 4/5mm guard column after filtration of samples through 0.45m cellulose acetate membrane filters. Genome Res. However, the Thermodesulfovibrionales order includes members (genus Thermodesulfovibrio) that are chemoorganotroph, fermentative and dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria [66]. 2009;38:2740. A. Tourna M, Stieglmeier M, Spang A, Konneke M, Schintlmeister A, Urich T, et al. Nucleic Acids Res. The Chemoautotrophically Based Movile Cave Groundwater Ecosystem, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity. Pan J, Xu W, Zhou Z, Shao Z, Dong C, Liu L, et al. 1st ed. 2010;4:98110. CAS Google Scholar. Movile Cave - a unique ecosystem. No nitrifying bacteria were identified based on gene annotation, but an ammonia-oxidizing Nitrososphaera archaeon encoding for an AmoA-like subunit was assembled from the Lake Room PMV3 sediments. [14] Genomic signatures and co-occurrence patterns of the ultra-small Saccharimonadia (phylum CPR/Patescibacteria) suggest a symbiotic lifestyle. Article Meet The 'King' of a Toxic Underground Ecosystem Unlike Anywhere Else on Earth. Privacy Fig. [1], Similar caves where life partly or fully depends on chemosynthesis have been found in Ein-Nur Cave and Ayalon Cave (Israel), Frasassi Caves (Italy), Melissotrypa Cave (Greece), Tashan Cave (Iran), caves in the Sharo-Argun Valley in the Caucasus Mountains, Lower Kane Cave, Cesspool Cave (USA), and Villa Luz Cave (Mexico). To view some of the documentaries made about Movile Cave click here. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. As Thiohalomonas members are obligate chemolithoautotrophic facultative anaerobic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria [54], this MAG might play a key role as a primary producer within the ecosystem. What Has Been Discovered In The 5 Million Year-old Isolated Movile Cave For both conditions, the taxonomic affiliation of receiver MAGs was diverse, represented by MAGs belonging to 8 and 17 phyla. This is considered the fourth biological pathway known to produce oxygen besides photosynthesis, chlorate respiration, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species [63]. PMV3 had low Na and Mg, and high Fe (the only sample where goethiteiron(III) oxide-hydroxideis well represented), V, As, Cr, etc. Nucleic Acids Res. Genes coding for Sox pathway (soxCD) were found in PMV2, 6 and 7 datasets of the upper, dry gallery across MAGs affiliated to Alpha-, Gammaproteobacteria and Gemmatimonadota phylum. Ophel: a groundwater biome based on chemoautotrophic resources. [1] It is notable for its unique groundwater ecosystem abundant in hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide, but low in oxygen. Basile A, Campanaro S, Kovalovszki A, Zampieri G, Rossi A, Angelidaki I, et al. PubMed Central One of the most recent animals recorded is the cave's only species of snail, Heleobia dobrogica, which has inhabited the cave for slightly more than 2 million years.[10][1][14]. PubMed Central For measurement of metals, samples were digested using a 1:3 mixture of 65% HNO3 and 37% HCl at reflux conditions. By using this website, you agree to our Those communities (PMV1, PMV2, PMV3, PMV4) had lower MRO, and MIP than the communities where no invertebrates were identified (PMV6, PMV7, PMV8). An exception is the first discovered cave ecosystem of this type, the Movile Cave in Romania, the microorganism communities of which have been exhaustively studied since its discovery 5,6,16,17. Por FD. The pattern persisted regardless of metaGEMs reconstruction or community simulation parameters. Movile Cave ( Romanian: Petera Movile) is a cave near Mangalia, Constana County, Romania discovered in 1986 by Cristian Lascu a few kilometers from the Black Sea coast. MetaBAT 2: an adaptive binning algorithm for robust and efficient genome reconstruction from metagenome assemblies. Within these karst ecosystems lie a diversity of . Spectacular creatures in a poisonous sulphidic atmosphere - Movile cave 2020;20:137. 2009;3:1093104. 40m long) is partially flooded by sulfidic hydrothermal waters (T~20.9C). PDXL software from Rigaku, connected to the ICDD database was used for phase identification. The results broaden our understanding of sediment microbial communities role within the complex food web of Movile Cave, which supports 52 endemic invertebrate species [15]. Nitrososphaera archaea are facultative chemolithoautotrophs with potential metabolic flexibility [58, 59]. The cave is only accessed through an 18 m deep shaft that is closed off from the outside atmosphere by an air-tight gate. Sci Total Environ. ISME J. Discovered in 1986, Movile Cave is an unusual cave ecosystem sustained by in situ chemoautotrophic primary production. Fig. Patescibacteria was the signature phylum for PMV2, Thermoproteota for PMV3, Methylomirabilota for PMV7 and Ca. 1) in December 2019. Hydrobiologia. 2020;38:2726. Stein LY, Roy R, Dunfield PF. King ZA, Lu J, Drger A, Miller P, Federowicz S, Lerman JA, et al. Nevertheless, prospective direct metabolic quantitative assessments adjoined by multi-omics and isolation and culturing efforts are needed to further unveil the full microbiological picture of this intriguing cave ecosystem. https://www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk/projects/fastqc/. Deadly centipede 'king' rules over a poison hellscape cave Movile Cave: a chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem. Movile Cave is a 240 m long horizontal maze that has no natural entrance, having been sealed off from the surface during the Quaternary (2.5 million years ago) by thick and impermeable layers of clays and loess. Only XoxF methanol dehydrogenase was encoded in MAGs affiliated to the classes Gammaproteobacteria (PMV6.23), Alphaproteobacteria (order Dongiales) (PMV8.34_sub) and Acidobacteriae (PMV1.51, PMV3.11). Additional measurements were done for the aqueous fraction of the PMV4 sample. In: Trujillo ME, Dedysh S, DeVos P, Hedlund B, Kmpfer P, Rainey FA, et al., editors. This was evident, especially in the case of the necessary resources overlap (competition). [22] genome assemblies from the microbial mat. Bergeys manual of systematics of archaea and bacteria. Movile Cave (SE Romania) is a chemoautotrophically-based ecosystem fed by hydrogen sulfide-rich groundwater serving as a primary energy source analogous to the deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems. 1st ed. This chemoautotrophic cave contains an abundant and diverse fauna with terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate communities, including 33 endemic species. PDF The Chemoautotrophically Based Movile Cave Groundwater Ecosystem, a Article The cave has 200 m of dry passages, and ~40 m of submerged passages and airbells (shown here is an airbell). Microbial Mats. In: Rosenzweig AC, Ragsdale SW, editors. MOVILE CAVE . Parks DH, Chuvochina M, Waite DW, Rinke C, Skarshewski A, Chaumeil P-A, et al. KSB1 phylum, which currently consists of a single class termed UBA2214. The Thiohalomonadales-affiliated MAG encoded an incomplete thiosulfate-oxidation pathway lacking Sox(CD) and carrying multiple copies of soxB. Also, no marker genes (hzsA and hzo) for the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) (NH3 to N2H4 and then to N2) were annotated in the Movile datasets. Present and future of culturing bacteria. Two sets of metaGEMs were reconstructed: one set without gap-filling for any particular medium, based only on genetic evidence; and another set gap-filled for a custom minimal medium that would guarantee the models' growth in a nutrient-poor environment as in Movile Cave. 1996). The inability to construct metabolic models for MAGs belonging to Ca. J Cave Karst. 2017;35:72531. Our current understanding of Movile Cave microbiology has been confined to the sulfidic water and its proximity, as most studies focused on the water-floating microbial mat and planktonic accumulations likely acting as the primary production powerhouse of this unique subterranean ecosystem. Overview of pathways and genes involved in sulfur, nitrogen cycling, methane oxidation and CO2 fixation encoded by MAGs recovered from Movile Cave sediments. ISME J. Movile Cave(Romanian:Petera Movile) is a cave nearMangalia,Constana County, South-EasternRomania,a few kilometers from theBlack Seacoast. Environ Microbiol. Assembled contigs (>1kb) were binned using two binners: MaxBin v2.0 [29] and MetaBAT2 v2.12.1 [30]. [4] The cave is closed to the general public, and only a few researchers are permitted inside each year, to minimize disturbance to the delicate ecosystem. Varpu Vahtera, Pavel Stoev, Nesrine Akkari: Andrzej Falniowski, Magdalena Szarowska, Ioan Sirbu, Alexandra Hillebrand, Mihai Baciu: "Bacterial metabolism of methylated amines and identification of novel methylotrophs in Movile Cave", "The bizarre beasts living in Romania's poison cave", The fascinating biology of stinky caves - ARPHA Conference Abstracts, Competition-cooperation in the chemoautotrophic ecosystem of Movile Cave: first metagenomic approach on sediments, "Microbiology of Movile Cave A Chemolithoautotrophic Ecosystem", The Chemoautotrophically Based Movile Cave Groundwater Ecosystem, a Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity, https://fecc112f-3776-4476-a602-1572b7478186.filesusr.com/ugd/1e4de5_ebb50699a75848bbb0c3f12a65da4c5d.pdf, Movile Cave in Romania has an ecosystem unlike any other on Earth, Five million years in the darkness: A new troglomorphic species of, Meet The 'King' of a Toxic Underground Ecosystem Unlike Anywhere Else on Earth, New Centipede Discovered on Top of Food Chain in Hellish Ecosystem of a Sulfur-Soaked Romanian Cave, The Movile Cave Project at web.archive.org, Life in Hell Survivors of Darkness. Sulfur respiration, dissimilatory reduction of oxidized sulfur compounds (SO42, SO32, S2O32, S0) coupled with sulfide (HS) production, were also detected. This Thiohalomonadales MAG also encoded (hydBD) the production of HS from polysulfides by sulfhydrogenase complex (hyd(G,B),(A,D)). These were affiliated to the uncultured UBA1147 genus of Methylococcales (in PMV1, PMV2, PMV6) and Methylocella genus of Rhizobiales (in PMV1, PMV3, PMV6) and encoded for subunits of pMMO monooxygenase. J Cave Karst Stud. Explore the Movile Cave of Romania and learn about its unique ecosystem. Sonication was used to randomly fragment the DNA to a size of around 350bp. Chemoautotrophic microbial mats float at the surface of the thermomineral cave water, which is rich in sulfide and methane. Methane . Letunic I, Bork P. Interactive tree of life (iTOL) v3: an online tool for the display and annotation of phylogenetic and other trees. Microbial community characterizing vermiculations from Karst Caves and its role in their formation. Nat Biotechnol. Of these, 37 are endemic. Only the gap-filled models were used for metabolic dependency, calculated assuming a complete medium. Cross-feeding dependencies were assumed only towards 'currency' molecules and inorganic compounds (O2, PO43, H+, Fe2+, Cu2+) in the water proximity sediment, whereas hydrogen sulfide and methanol were assumedly traded exclusively among distant gallery communities. This result was reinforced by mapping the metagenomics reads against a set of nif reference sequences (listed in Additional file 5: Table S10) as no nifH/D were found in the PMV datasets except PMV4 (Additional file 5: Fig. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The Movile Cave (SE Romania) was the first to be mentioned as defying the conventional view of subterranean ecosystems as supported by aboveground photosynthesis. The cave, discovered during excavations, is a veritable time capsule. 2011;3:1805. Thermodesulfovibrio. Springer Nature. Analysis of methanotrophic bacteria in Movile Cave by stable isotope Meet The 'King' of a Toxic Underground Ecosystem Unlike - ScienceAlert OTM, IC, AEL performed metadata analysis. Microbial mats in a thermomineral sulfurous cave. 2010;10:171. Academic Press; 2011. p. 3144. Thermoplasmatotas class EX4484-6 thatincludes MAGs retrieved from marine hydrothermal vent sediments (BioProject PRJNA362212). PubMed 2019 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. In the PMV4 dataset, Sox-complex was encoded in MAGs affiliated to order Thiohalomonadales (class Gammaproteobacteria) (PMV4.23) and family Arcobacteraceae (class Campylobacteria) (PMV4_maxbin.013). Extremely acidic, pendulous cave wall biofilms from the Frasassi cave system, Italy. In the chemoautotrophic cave environment, the nitrogen demand can be met by converting inorganic nitrogen to a biologically useful form by nitrogen reduction. The XRD patterns were collected in 2 range between 5 to 80 with a speed of 2/min and a step size of 0.02. that dominates Movile Cave's hypoxic Air Bells microbial mat [22]. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. (Image credit: Varpu Vahtera, Pavel Stoev, Nesrine. Hose LD, Palmer AN, Palmer MV, Northup DE, Boston PJ, DuChene HR. 1997;59:99102. The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. A multidimensional scaling (MDS; Fig. C. Phylogenetic tree of MAGs from Movile Cave sediments, including their closely related MAGs from GTDB (GCA) and NCBI type material genomes (GCF) (type strain and/or reference genomes). The presence of gypsum (sulfate mineral) in that sample (Table 2) explains the high content of S and Ca. Movile Cave was the first ever discoveredsubterranean chemosysthesis-basedecosystem. [6] The water in the lake only contains dissolved oxygen for the first centimeter, at most, and in some places only the first millimeter. Mar Pollut Bull. 3B.). Sulfur oxidation was not, however, limited to the lakeside sediments. Photographic images of the sediments. The other samples (PMV1, PMV2, and PMV7) were less dissimilar, with muscovite (hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminum and potassium) and quartz (SiO2) in their mineralogical composition. The figures were generated using the R packages ggplot2 [45], pheatmap [46], and circlize [47]. The competition-cooperation potential predicted by SMETANA (Fig. This area has been isolated from the rest of the world for approximately 5.5 million years. The color scheme gives the presence/absence of functional genes: presence is indicated in red, absence in grey. The assembly of reads was done separately, for each metagenome (sample). Table S2 Metagenome scale metabolic models (metaGEMs) reconstruction and community simulation parameters, results generated and used in this study. MEMOTE tests suite [42] was applied to the gap-fill models initialized for the minimal medium to ensure that the metaGEMs could generate biomass and reproduce growth in a scarce environment. Wickham H. ggplot2. 1). Kumaresan D, Wischer D, Stephenson J, Hillebrand-Voiculescu A, Murrell JC. Google Scholar. The MAGs detected in this study are shown in blue or red for medium- or high-quality MAGs, respectively, Out of the 106 MAGs, 25 were classified as high-quality (>90% complete and<5% contamination) (Fig. Dolomite is present in substantial amounts in both levels of the cave. Based on the relative abundance of MAGs in the sample (expressed as RPKG), the most abundant phyla were Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota, Proteobacteria and Planctomycetota (>20 RPKGs in any of the samples) (Fig. Movile Cave has a complex geological evolution with an ongoing speleogenesis driven by two main processes: the sulfuric acid corrosion in the partially submerged lower cave level; and the condensation-corrosion processes active in the upper level of the cave [18]. Metagenomic raw reads (fastq) were adapter-trimmed using Trimmomatic v0.39 [26] and, their quality was evaluated using FastQC v0.11.9 [27]. The methanol oxidation to formaldehyde appeared encoded as Ln3+-dependent methanol dehydrogenases (xoxF) and heterotetrameric methanol dehydrogenase (mxaFI) in the Methylococcales-affiliated MAGPMV2.70_sub. Groundwater biodiversity in a chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem: how Stable environmental conditions typical to a subterranean habitat combined with hydrothermal activity drive a constant temperature of the water and air at 20.9C within Movile Cave. Metagenomic-based approaches have indicated that the diversity of the microbiomes detected in Movile Cave sediments spans a wide taxonomic range and is likely to have a high degree of novelty. Tourova TP, Kovaleva OL, Sorokin DYu, Muyzer G. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase genes as a functional marker for chemolithoautotrophic halophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in hypersaline habitats. SMETANA score was used to highlight the cross-feeding interactions and the keystone MAGs (phyla). Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker A, Fennell T, Ruan J, Homer N, et al. OTM, HLB, IC, GR conceived the study. [15] Nepa anophthalma is the only known cave-adapted water scorpion in the world. Metabolic dependencies drive species co-occurrence in diverse microbial communities. 2010;464:5438. . 2014;30:211420. PLoS ONE. Article MAGs attributes, extended taxonomy and abundance are summarized in Additional file 4: Tables S7S9. We examined the cross-feeding interactions and keystone phyla across those two conditions (wet and dry). KSB1 (PMV4.37) (AcsA (), AcsB (), AcsC ()). Researches in Sulphide-Based Ecosystems | SpringerLink All hail the king of the cave; long may he reign. Table S7. The archaeal MAG encoding CBB capability found in the water's edge sample (PMV4) pertains to Ca. The air also has a 1-2% content of methane. Those are typical metabolic features of Epsilonproteobacteria chemolithotrophic primary producers from the deep-sea hydrothermal vent [55]. 3A.). Sulfate (SO42) to sulfite (SO32) reduction (sat+aprAB) was present in the PMV4 dataset, in a MAG affiliated to order Thermodesulfovibrionales (phylum Nitrospirota) (PMV4_maxbin.018). The cave is completely isolated from the surface and the primary. OTM and HLB provided scientific input to the manuscript. Porter M, Engel AS, Kane T, Kinkle B. Productivity-diversity relationships from chemolithoautotrophically based sulfidic karst systems. In the upper, dry gallery, Acidobacteriota was the most abundant phylum for PMV8 and PMV7. Furthermore, the functional annotation of CDS and the prediction of metabolic pathways related to sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and methane metabolism was carried out using the KEGG's Ghost Koala tool [35]. Ecological assessment and geological significance of microbial communities from cesspool cave. Babraham Bioinformatics - FastQC A Quality Control tool for High Throughput Sequence Data. The rTCA cycle hallmark enzyme subunits were annotated in MAGs affiliated with phyla Campylobacterota (PMV4_maxbin.013) and Nitrospirota (PMV8.22). The cave's unique organisms, intricate ecological . S2 The number of reads from the 7 metagenomes mapped back to the reference sequences of the marker genes. The environment inside the Movile Cave is completely different from the outside world. Fast automated reconstruction of genome-scale metabolic models for microbial species and communities. The Thiohalomonadales (PMV4.23) and the Dongiales (PMV8.34_sub) MAGs encoded both RuBisCO subunits (cbbL/S). Gu Z, Gu L, Eils R, Schlesner M, Brors B. circlize implements and enhances circular visualization in R. Bioinformatics. The present work addressed the diversity, biogeochemical potential and ecological interaction of sediment-associated microbiome located near and distant from the sulfidic hydrothermal waters feeding the chemoautotrophic-based Movile Cave. This Cave in the Ozarks Is So Big a Hot Air Balloon Once Floated Inside It Plus, There's a 40-foot Waterfall and a 20-story-tall Cavern. 2019;14: e0220706. Nucleic Acids Res. Parks DH, Imelfort M, Skennerton CT, Hugenholtz P, Tyson GW. This is typical for Ca. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. This assumption is supported by the recovery of autotrophic MAGs encoding CO2 fixation ability via at least three different pathways (CBB, rTCA, WL). Microbiology. Article The methanotrophs can oxidize both substrates (NH3 and CH4) but grow only on their characteristic substrate [50]. The compound name and abbreviation are in accordance with the BIGG database (http://bigg.ucsd.edu/ ). 2011;108:84205. Bizic M, Brad T, Ionescu D, Barbu-Tudoran L, Aerts J, Popa R, et al. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab815. The production of hydrogen sulfide from polysulfides by sulfhydrogenase complex (hyd(G,B),(A,D)) was partially encoded, especially by MAGs affiliated to Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexota and Planctomycetota. Table S14 CO2 fixation marker genes and the MAGs that encoded them in each sample. In the rest of the datasets, Sox(YZ) subunits were encoded in Proteobacteria MAGs and Sox(CD) in a Gemmatimonadota MAG (PMV6_maxbin.020). Here, an active redox interface is created on both the waters surface and cave walls, colonized by floating microbial mats and biofilms. ISME J. DAngeli IM, Ghezzi D, Leuko S, Firrincieli A, Parise M, Fiorucci A, et al. Google Scholar. Romania Acta Biotechnol. Mineralogy partially supports such chemical discrepancies, but some of the best-represented elements are of different, unknown origins, probably linked to the history of the region where the cave is located and the input of the underground sediments from the Miocene to the more recent climatic events. Bloom of a denitrifying methanotroph, 'Candidatus Methylomirabilis limnetica, in a deep stratified lake. Bioinformatics. Google Scholar. We acknowledge Francisco Zorrilla for his assistance in metabolic simulations and Wilcoxon rank-sum test statistical analysis. Correspondence to A new extremophile ostracod crustacean from the Movile Cave - Nature IC wrote the manuscript and prepared the figures. Geomicrobiology of a seawater-influenced active sulfuric acid cave. Li D, Liu C-M, Luo R, Sadakane K, Lam T-W. MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Nucleic Acids Res. An NCBI blast (blastx against RefSeq Select database) showed the AprAB sequences similarities to Deltaproteobacteria (73% to 80%), placing them in the direct-operating dissimilatory pathway. To address this hypothesis, genome-resolved metagenomics was employed to infer the diversity and abundance of spatially distinct sediment-associated microbiomes and to predict their metabolic abilities, ecological interactions and roles within the caves ecosystem. PubMed Central Engel AS, Meisinger DB, Porter ML, Payn RA, Schmid M, Stern LA, et al. Lipsewers YA, Hopmans EC, Meysman FJR, Sinninghe Damst JS, Villanueva L. Abundance and diversity of denitrifying and anammox bacteria in seasonally hypoxic and sulfidic sediments of the saline lake Grevelingen. Wiley; 2012. p. 111. The rest of the metaGEMs could generate biomass and reproduce growth in the simulation conditions, as evidenced by MEMOTE tests results included in the Additional file 7: Table S15. 2007;9:140214. Google Scholar. We may not be able to breathe these gases in order to successfully live in such an ecosystem, but certain types of organisms actually thrive on them. In contrast to deep-sea chemoautotrophic systems, their subterranean counterparts, namely chemoautotrophic caves, have been largely underexplored. Annu Rev Microbiol. 6 animals found in Movile cave As previous analyses of stable carbon isotope ratios have suggested that methane oxidation occurs in this environment, we . Moreover, Arcobacteraceae family was found dominant in the white filaments from the thermal sulfidic spring of Fetida Cave, Italy [56]. The cave, located in south-eastern Romania (Dobrogea region), developed in oolitic and fossil-rich limestone of the Sarmatian age (Late Miocene) and was sealed off during the Quaternary by a thick and impermeable layer of clays and loess [17]. Except for a snapshot investigation of the rocks surface collected at about 2m away from the water [24]which revealed the presence of sulfur oxidizers and methylotrophic bacteriaMovile Cave has not yet been explored for the microbial life associated with sediments distant from the sulfidic waters. Schematic representation of microbial carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycling in Movile Cave adapted from Kumaresan et al (2014) Geomicrobiology Journal, BBC - "Seeing Through Science" Series - 1994. 2017;71:71130. Species Metabolic Coupling Analysis of metagenome-scale metabolic models revealed the highest competition-cooperation interactions in the sediments collected away from the water. Article Part of Competition-cooperation landscape of each sample and cross-feeding interactions across wet and dry galleries. [5], The air in the cave is very different from the outer atmosphere. These findings suggest that the primary production potential of Movile Cave expands way beyond its hydrothermal waters, enhancing our understanding of the functioning and ecological interactions within chemolithoautotrophically-based subterranean ecosystems. 5C.). 2021;13:128. PubMed It was discovered by Cristian Lascu in 1986at the bottom of an artificial shaftdug for geological investigations. The Movile Cave is a biological sensation. The taxonomic novelty of recovered MAGs was high, with over 60% unaffiliated to a genus and 30% classified by RED as new species of established GTDB taxa. Methods in enzymology. Models reconstruction and community simulations parameters and the simulation codes are summarized and detailed in Additional file 2: Tables S2, S3.
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